Consider the following.
"The unexamined life is not worth living," Socrates declared in his
Apology, as written by Plato - by which he meant to say that he would rather lose his life on charges of heresy, than be forced by the Athenian authorities to give up his right to examine it, or admit that his belief in inquiry was unbecoming or damaging in any way. In giving himself up to death for this conviction, Socrates has been celebrated as a matyr by the study of philosophy for dying for its ideals.
Let us now remove the statement from the context in which it was made, and apply it to our own lives as a means of determining their worth. Having done so, it becomes a normative statement, in need of for and against arguments, and any philosopher worth his salt would identify it as being problematic.
For example, without having contemplated this statement at all, does a human not examine his life in any way? What if, upon examining your life, you choose to live the rest of your life with it unexamined, if it were at all possible? We need to examine the extent to which, and the methods by which we examine our lives.
But these aside, central to the problem of agreeing with this statement of rhetoric is the need for exclusion of other theories or definitions of worth, namely the worth of a life, which may equally be as valid. If one leads a moral (socially accptable) life, nurtures meaningful relationships, builds a loving family, all within the complete absence of self-reflection, would we consider the life that he led as unmeaningful? What makes Socrates' idea of worth any better?
I will say this in its defense. The most compelling affirmation of Socrates' statement is the notion of autonomy. That the examined life is worth living, only because it is empowered from autonomy that stems from self-reflection. Consider the lack of autonomy which we choose to identify as a Bad Thing. What happens if we do not have autonomy? We simply are, and exist matter-of-factly, cogs turning in the fabric of the universe, processes which manifest physically, age, and die. We respond to our basic needs, biologically programmed as they are within us, to stimuli in the environment and to our experiences. This we are, but we are not agents within the universe, nor are we truly capable of moulding our being or achievements. We are not living our own lives, regardless of how they measure against any other type of worth, and this above all else makes them unworthy. Therefore, a life may still be measured against Socrates' notion of the life worth living, regardless of other reasonable ideas of worth that we may have.
Why live a worthy life at all? Why should I bother? you may ask. Realise, then, that the statement, negative as it is in its essence, essentially suggests that if you are "not bothered", you are better off bereft of life. Dead. We are all perhaps in one of two states: living the worthy life, or as good as dead. Ironically, by having questioned the need for living the worthy life, you have begun to live it yourself.
We have started with the fundamentals, and explored the concept of the examined life. By now, you will have been in contemplation. You will have begun asking yourself questions. But the subject is the self, the mode of contemplation, private, and the extent, local. What happens, then, if we are to take on social issues publicly?
We will have begun to be human.
How so? Upon further analysis, we may describe the notion of autonomy as discussed above as a positive concept of freedom. For the uninitiated, freedom is often seen as a negative concept, as the absence of intrusion. Interestingly, Hegel noted that such an idea of freedom was so vulgar that only the English could have entertained it, and this is indeed true in some respects. (The best work on freedom as a negative concept was done by Hobbes, Locke and Bentham, but I will not dwell on it.) As a philosopher who believed in the classical theory of freedom, Hegel was amongst others such as Mill and Marx, who believed, in the words of Charles Taylor, that freedom was "not a mere opportunity concept, and does not merely consist of opportunities opened up to us by absence of impediment." Rather more than that, to them, freedom was an "exercise concept, which consists of exercising our powers in a certain way."
This classical concept of freedom manifests itself in Aristotle's
Politics. Man, he says, is the Political Animal; "zoon politikon", a living being which exists in society, or "politikon zoion", a social animal, a being which resides in the Greek city-state, the
"polis". As the Political Animal, Man thrives in communities, social arrangements which he moulds with justice and the rational mind. For Man to enjoy his fullest freedom, he must engage in the organisation and conduct of public life on which his liberty depends.
Importantly, this is not merely about freedom. This is about realising our natures, realising what it means to be human. Hannah Arendt writes that freedom "consists in politics, for the activity of self-government and the social virtues that it requires is the activity in which we most fully realise our natures, and freedom is that self-realisation." Charles Taylor takes it one step further, by saying that freedom "resides, at least in part, of the collective control of the common life. The exercise of such control is the form of activity in which the essence of our humanity is most fully realised." In short, to eschew these activities is to be less than fully human; there is nothing left to distinguish us from beasts. But to embrace them is to become human.
I will offer the following synthesis, that self-examination of one's life makes it worth living, and to be socially involved is to be free and ergo human. Tempting as it is to equivalate the two conclusions, to declare that "To live a worthy life is to be human, and to be human is to live a worthy life," for instance, would be to over-simplify matters and muddle issues. What is clear, though, is that the common value involved is inquiry, and that we owe it to ourselves to embrace it.
What am I proposing? Only this: To seek truth and self-knowledge; to champion the spirit that Socrates embodied - the spirit of inquiry - at the cost of comfort and convenience, so long as we desire to live and to be human. I submit to you that in living enlightened, human lives as individuals, we can only then be a collective, enlightened humanity. We must never fear to confront the polemical; we must commit ourselves to asking the Diffcult Questions. It is our common responsibility, and the least that we must do.
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